complex materials represent a novel type of macromolecules exhibiting distinct reactive groups incorporated along the polymer. Unlike traditional single-chain macromolecules, these designed constructs allow a wide spectrum of unique characteristics, including enhanced interaction, adaptive behavi

Polymaleic acid represents a intriguing copolymer formed by the polycondensation of unsaturated acids. Its structure typically features a repeating unit derived from maleic anhydride, leading in the long chain with inherent branching. Key properties involve water solubility, decomposability, and